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Choices made in macroeconomic policies - such as government spending, taxation, monetary policy and financial regulation - have distinct distributive consequences for women and men. They also shape the constraints within which efforts to advance gender equality must operate. The implications of gender dynamics for macroeconomics extends beyond consideration of distributive outcomes. The unpaid and non-market work that women perform - running a household, bringing up children - is unrecognized and uncounted in macroeconomic variables used to formulate policy. Yet the economic consequences of these unpaid activities are far-reaching: contributing to the well-being of society, affecting productive activities in the market economy and creating the foundation for the long-run sustainability of our economies.

It has long been assumed that economic growth and women's growing participation in the paid workforce would eventually take care of gender inequalities, and yet there is little evidence that faster growth will achieve this. In addition it ignores the valuable and quantifiable role that the unpaid work of women for their families contributes to the economy.

James Heintz tackles the shortcomings of macroeconomics in relation to gender dynamics and challenges the dominant methods and measurements, suggesting new ways of framing macroeconomic concepts. He concludes by considering implications for how this new way of thinking could transform policymaking in the future.

Macroeconomics. --- Feminist economics. --- Sex role --- Women --- Women in economic development. --- Economic development --- Feminism --- Gender role --- Sex (Psychology) --- Sex differences (Psychology) --- Social role --- Gender expression --- Sexism --- Economics --- Economic aspects. --- Social conditions. --- Macroeconomics --- Feminist economics --- Women in economic development --- Economic aspects --- Social conditions --- E-books --- Gender roles --- Gendered role --- Gendered roles --- Role, Gender --- Role, Gendered --- Role, Sex --- Roles, Gender --- Roles, Gendered --- Roles, Sex --- Sex roles

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This paper analyzes the relationship between fiscal and structural policies and gender inequality in education and labor force participation for countries at different stages of development. Due to the substantial number of possible factors that link with gender inequality previously highlighted in the literature, we pay particular attention to addressing model uncertainty and using various statistical methods to find the variables with the strongest links to gender gaps. We find that higher public spending on education, better sanitation facilities, low adolescent fertility, and narrower marriage age gaps are significantly related to narrower gender gaps in education. We also find that better infrastructure, a stronger institutional environment, more equal legal rights, and low adolescent fertility rates are strongly associated with higher female labor force participation. When labor market protection is low, an increase in protection is associated with a narrowing of labor force participation gaps between men and women. But when labor market protection levels are high, an increase in protection is associated with a widening in labor force participation gaps.

Sex role --- Gender role --- Sex (Psychology) --- Sex differences (Psychology) --- Social role --- Gender expression --- Sexism --- Economic aspects. --- Gender roles --- Gendered role --- Gendered roles --- Role, Gender --- Role, Gendered --- Role, Sex --- Roles, Gender --- Roles, Gendered --- Roles, Sex --- Sex roles --- Labor --- Women''s Studies' --- Gender Studies --- Economics of Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Education and Inequality --- Labor Standards: Labor Force Composition --- Education: General --- Labour --- income economics --- Social discrimination & equal treatment --- Gender studies, gender groups --- Education --- Gender studies --- women & girls --- Labor force participation --- Gender inequality --- Gender diversity --- Women --- Gender --- Labor market --- Sex discrimination --- United States

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"Every society throughout history has defined what counts as work and what doesn't. And more often than not, those lines of demarcation are inextricable from considerations of gender. What Is Work? offers a multi-disciplinary approach to understanding labor within the highly gendered realm of household economies. Drawing from scholarship on gender history, economic sociology, family history, civil law, and feminist economics, these essays explore the changing and often contested boundaries between what was and is considered work in different Euro-American contexts over several centuries, with an eye to the ambiguities and biases that have shaped mainstream conceptions of work across all social sectors"--

Sexual division of labor --- Housekeeping --- Sex role --- Gender role --- Sex (Psychology) --- Sex differences (Psychology) --- Social role --- Gender expression --- Sexism --- Household work --- Housework --- Home economics --- Division of labor by sex --- Division of labor --- Sex discrimination in employment --- History --- Social aspects --- Sociology of the family. Sociology of sexuality --- World history --- anno 1500-1799 --- anno 1800-1999 --- anno 2000-2099 --- Europe --- E-books --- Gender roles --- Gendered role --- Gendered roles --- Role, Gender --- Role, Gendered --- Role, Sex --- Roles, Gender --- Roles, Gendered --- Roles, Sex --- Sex roles --- Sex role. --- History. --- Social aspects. --- academic. --- american society. --- breadwinner. --- career. --- civil law. --- culture. --- domestic workers. --- economic sociology. --- engaging. --- essay collection. --- essyas. --- family history. --- family. --- feminist economics. --- gender history. --- gender issues. --- gender studies. --- gender. --- household economies. --- labor industrial relations. --- masculinity. --- material culture. --- political science. --- politics. --- social history. --- social issues. --- social sectors. --- sociology. --- understanding labor. --- women. --- womens issues. --- work and labor issues.